Symptoms & Causes

Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually includes both obsessions and compulsions. But it's also possible to have only obsession symptoms or only compulsion symptoms. You may or may not realize that your obsessions and compulsions are excessive or unreasonable, but they take up a great deal of time and interfere with your daily routine and social or work functioning.

Obsession symptoms

OCD obsessions are repeated, persistent and unwanted thoughts, urges or images that are intrusive and cause distress or anxiety. You might try to ignore them or get rid of them by performing a compulsive behavior or ritual. These obsessions typically intrude when you're trying to think of or do other things.

Obsessions often have themes to them, such as:

·        Fear of contamination or dirt

·        Needing things orderly and symmetrical

·        Aggressive or horrific thoughts about harming yourself or others

·        Unwanted thoughts, including aggression, or sexual or religious subjects

Examples of obsession signs and symptoms include:

·        Fear of being contaminated by touching objects others have touched

·        Doubts that you've locked the door or turned off the stove

·        Intense stress when objects aren't orderly or facing a certain way

·        Images of hurting yourself or someone else that are unwanted and make you uncomfortable

·        Thoughts about shouting obscenities or acting inappropriately that are unwanted and make you uncomfortable

·        Avoidance of situations that can trigger obsessions, such as shaking hands

·        Distress about unpleasant sexual images repeating in your mind

Compulsion symptoms

OCD compulsions are repetitive behaviors that you feel driven to perform. These repetitive behaviors or mental acts are meant to prevent or reduce anxiety related to your obsessions or prevent something bad from happening. However, engaging in the compulsions brings no pleasure and may offer only a temporary relief from anxiety.

You may make up rules or rituals to follow that help control your anxiety when you're having obsessive thoughts. These compulsions are excessive and often are not realistically related to the problem they're intended to fix.

As with obsessions, compulsions typically have themes, such as:

·        Washing and cleaning

·        Checking

·        Counting

·        Orderliness

·        Following a strict routine

·        Demanding reassurances

Examples of compulsion signs and symptoms include:

·        Hand-washing until your skin becomes raw

·        Checking doors repeatedly to make sure they're locked

·        Checking the stove repeatedly to make sure it's off

·        Counting in certain patterns

·        Silently repeating a prayer, word or phrase

·        Arranging your canned goods to face the same way

Symptoms in children:

Causes

The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder isn't fully understood. Main theories include:

·        Biology. OCD may be a result of changes in your body's own natural chemistry or brain functions.

·        Genetics. OCD may have a genetic component, but specific genes have yet to be identified.

·        Environment. Some environmental factors such as infections are suggested as a trigger for OCD, but more research is needed.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase the risk of developing or triggering obsessive-compulsive disorder include:

·        Family history. Having parents or other family members with the disorder can increase your risk of developing OCD.

·        Stressful life events. If you've experienced traumatic or stressful events, your risk may increase. This reaction may, for some reason, trigger the intrusive thoughts, rituals and emotional distress characteristic of OCD.

·        Other mental health disorders. OCD may be related to other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse or tic disorders.

Complications

Problems resulting from OCD may include, among others:

·        Health issues, such as contact dermatitis from frequent hand-washing

·        Inability to attend work, school or social activities

·        Troubled relationships

·        Overall poor quality of life

·        Suicidal thoughts and behavior

Prevention

There's no sure way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, getting treatment as soon as possible may help prevent OCD from worsening and disrupting activities and your daily routine.